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Liars, Damn Liars, Defamation, and Double Taxation
Explore the legal & ethical implications of defamation law, including tax implications of legal settlements. Learn about plaintiff recovery trusts.
In the current digital and highly charged political age, the power of words has never been more salient. It has become an all-too-common place for words to be used as weapons for making untrue statements about a person or entity. A single untrue utterance can ripple through society, casting shadows of controversy and, sometimes, engendering significant legal implications. Untrue words (lies) have become an ugly weapon against adversaries in the public domain. This article ventures into defamation law, exploring the legal and ethical ramifications and the tax implications of an associated legal settlement.
Defamation: A Primer
Defamation is a tort comprised of the following elements: (i) a false statement of fact, (ii) that was published, and (iii) which publication causes harm to the reputation of the subject of the statement. The requisite standard of proof associated with the above-listed elements varies depending on the plaintiff’s status in society, as public figures are required to prove that the statements were made with actual malice. In ruling on a defamation suit, courts seek to balance the freedom of speech with protecting individual reputations.
Victims of defamation can pursue various civil causes of action aside from defamation claims, such as intentional infliction of emotional distress and loss of income. Some states have civil laws allowing defamation victims to seek compensatory and punitive damages.
Plaintiff Double Tax Imposed by Banks v. Commissioner
Unfortunately, because of the “plaintiff double tax,” defamation victims suffer twice – first by the defamation itself and second by how their litigation recovery is taxed. The defamation offense is obviously worse, but double taxation remains an unfair outcome.
What is the Plaintiff Double Tax?
Commissioner v. Banks, 543 U.S. 426 (2005), is a Supreme Court case that addressed the question of whether, for federal income tax purposes, the taxable components of a judgment or settlement paid to a taxpayer’s attorney under a contingent fee agreement is taxable income to the taxpayer. The Supreme Court ruled that one hundred percent (100%) of the gross taxable portion of the litigation/settlement recovery constitutes the taxpayer’s income and explicitly includes the portion paid to the attorney as a contingent fee. The Court viewed the attorney as merely the plaintiff’s “agent,” thus, the proceeds were wholly those of the plaintiff.
The plaintiff double tax applies to many litigation claims, including those involving no physical injuries – such as defamation and punitive damages. Thus, as has been noted, the entire award is taxable income in those cases, but the related attorney fees are not deductible on the victim’s Form 1040 tax return. Having to pay taxes on the total value of the award where the related attorney fee is not deductible is the plaintiff’s double tax.
For example, assume a defamation victim lives in NYC and recovers $1,500,000 in non-physical injury and emotional distress damages and an additional $1,500,000 in punitive damages. The entire $3,000,000 gross settlement proceeds are taxable to the plaintiff, but none of the attorney fees are deductible.
In NYC, the combined Federal/State/Local income tax rate on this award is likely 50% (or more), and the attorney has a forty-percent (40%) contingency rate, so the plaintiff ends up with a net of only $300,000. (netting $300,000 after tax is only 10 cents on the dollar!) Now, add the litigation costs associated with the action that the plaintiff also bears, and the net recovery could be zero ($0) or even produce a negative after-tax net settlement. We can all agree that 10 cents on the dollar (or less) is not fair compensation for a ruined reputation.
A defamation victim seeking to avoid this unfortunate scenario created by Banks might consider a Plaintiff Recovery Trust (PRT), a specially designed trust that exists to hold the litigation claim. If there is a successful recovery, the PRT will significantly increase the net after-tax recovery, perhaps by 100% or more, depending on the recovery amount and where the defamation victim is domiciled.
To learn about PRTs, go to https://www.easternpointtrust.com/plaintiff-recovery-trust.
For a comprehensive overview of tax minimization strategies, see our guide on minimizing tax liability on lawsuit settlements.
Learn how the Plaintiff Recovery Trust addresses the attorney fee double tax created by Commissioner v. Banks.
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